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Maritime Transportation

WHAT IS MARITIME TRANSPORTATION?

Maritime transport is the transportation of goods or people by ships on the seas. This mode of transportation plays an important role both worldwide and in Turkey. It is an option generally preferred by companies that need to transport large quantities of goods. It is used to transport large volumes of cargo over long distances at lower costs. At the same time, the use of large ships allows more cargo to be transported in maritime transportation. Worldwide, maritime transportation is known to account for a large portion of international trade. In Turkey, maritime transportation is an important sector and has a strategic position thanks to the Straits. Maritime transportation plays a major role in both domestic and foreign trade of the country. 

REASONS FOR PREFERRING MARITIME TRANSPORTATION

- Cargoes that constitute industrial raw materials can be transported in large quantities at one time by sea. In this respect, maritime transportation is more economical than other types of transportation.

- Maritime transportation is one of the safest logistics types. Especially in road and airline transportation, while transporting between countries, the road and airline areas of other countries are used and this situation may cause tensions from time to time. This negatively affects trade. However, in maritime logistics, there is no problem of crossing borders between countries. This provides a great advantage.

- Again, energy consumption is low compared to other types of transportation due to the ability to transport high amounts of cargo at one time. This has a positive impact on both costs and natural resources.

- The variable costs of maritime transportation are quite low and it is seven times cheaper than road transportation and three and a half times cheaper than rail transportation; in terms of fuel consumption, it is four times cheaper than road transportation and two times cheaper than rail transportation.

- Due to advanced loading and unloading techniques and structural features of ports, maritime transportation is much faster.

When maritime transportation is examined in general terms, it can be handled in two groups according to the types of voyages;

- Irregular (Tramp) Transportation

- Liner Transportation

Irregular (Tramp) Transportation: This type of transportation is based on the existence of a cargo. Because the ships go wherever they find cargo around the world and carry out the transportation of the cargo. Tramp transportation, in general terms, is a form of transportation used for the transportation of materials such as underground mines, crude oil, timber, coal, which fill all or most of the ship at one time. Since the realization of the transportation depends on the presence of cargo, it is not easy to talk about a specific freight in this type of transportation. For this reason, shipowners prefer to direct their ships to ports where there is a higher probability of cargo. Classified according to cargo weight. Tramp transportation is preferred for the transportation of cargoes such as coal, grain, mineral ores, sugar, fertilizer and especially when it comes to seasonal cargoes. In this type of transportation, ships do not sail before they are full.

Regular (Liner) Transportation: Unlike tramp transportation, this type of transportation is a type of transportation in which service, not cargo, is at the forefront. In liner transportation, the departure, arrival and transshipment ports of the ships are predetermined. Ships visit these predetermined ports on predetermined dates and perform loading and unloading operations. In this type of transportation, the cargo is generally heterogeneous. These cargoes, which are defined as part cargo, are loaded onto ships in packaged form or on a quantity basis. In liner transportation, it is not important whether the ships are full or not. Container transportation and Ro-Ro transportation types are the best examples of liner transportation.

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF MARITIME TRANSPORTATION?

When considered according to cargo and ship types, maritime transportation can be evaluated in different lanes. These headings are respectively;

- Tanker Transportation:

Under this heading, which can also be considered as dangerous goods transportation, liquid cargoes such as oil and petroleum products, gas and chemicals are transported by tankers. The cargoes are transferred to the tankers on the ships with the pumping system made from the shore, and the unloading process is then provided by the ship's own pumping system. There are mainly two types of tankers used in tanker transportation. Tankers carrying liquefied petroleum gas called LPG and tankers carrying liquefied natural gas called LNG.

- Ro - Ro Transportation

In Ro-Ro transportation, which is one of the best examples of liner transportation, the sea connection is provided by road. Ro-Ro ships are large ships carrying wheeled vehicles loaded with cargo, such as trucks and trucks. It is a preferred type of maritime transportation in door-to-door or warehouse-to-warehouse transportation operations.

- Container Transportation:

Containers, defined as large crates manufactured according to international standards to carry various goods, are the most important elements used in maritime transportation. According to ISO standards, containers that can be generally grouped as 20, 40, 45 containers are used in 85% of maritime transportation.

When we consider the first times of the development of maritime transportation, which dates back to the Vikings, it is possible to say that the cargoes were transported piece by piece or in sacks in the hangars inside the ships. This situation, which caused the loading and unloading process to take much longer than necessary, became much more practical in the 1930s when Malcolm McLean invented the "container", which began to take its current shape after several trials. Since the first container transportation in 1956 with a ship of 58 containers, the capacity of maritime transportation has increased considerably. Today, container ships with a capacity of 8,000-10,000 TEU are transported in international waters.

Container transportation generally includes part load (general cargo) transportation and is generally used in regular transportation.

Containers are usually loaded and unloaded with the ships' own cranes. This makes loading and unloading much more practical and saves time. In this way, the waiting time of the ships at the port is shortened, allowing door-to-door transportation to be carried out much more easily. The biggest disadvantage of container transportation is the high design costs of container ships.

- Combined Transportation 

It is a type of transportation in which ships are designed to carry oil or dry cargoes. Mineral ore, oil carriers, grain are within the scope of this type of transportation. 

- Bulk Cargo Transportation

Bulk cargoes such as mineral ore, cereals, coal, cement, salt, sugar are transported in bulk. Such cargoes require the use of intermediate doors during loading and unloading due to their structure. Thanks to these intermediate doors, it is aimed to minimize loading and unloading costs.

- LCL (Less than container load) transportation

This type of sea transportation is for small amounts of cargo, less than a full container load. It is often used by small and medium-sized businesses that do not have enough cargo to fill a full container.

- Project cargo

This type of sea transportation is for oversized, heavy or complex cargo that requires specialized handling, equipment and transportation. This type of cargo is used for construction, mining, oil and gas industry and other specialized sectors.

MARITIME LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT;


- (Sea) Bill of Lading (B/L) (Bill of Lading): A bill of lading is a document showing that the cargo has been received by the ship for transportation. For this reason, it can also be called "receipt document". With this document, the rights and responsibilities arising from the transportation service on the cargo pass to the carrier, so the bill of lading contains the conditions of transportation, receipt and delivery. The bill of lading is a "negotiable document".

- The features of the bill of lading are as follows:

 It is a receipt for the carrier.

It is the proof (basis) of a contract between the shipper and the carrier.

It is a negotiable document. It can be exchanged with the bill of lading even while the cargo is being transported; in other words, it can be bought and sold.

- The bill of lading contains some information that will provide convenience to the carrier and the shipper and, when necessary, to third parties. These are

name and title of the shipper

name of the vehicle (vessel)

characteristics of the cargo (brand, content, weight, volume, etc.)

loading port

unloading port

freight (place and manner of payment)

name, title of the recipient

Bill of lading number

date of issue and number of copies

captain's or agent's signature and date.

- Mate's Receipt: A receipt confirming that the cargo has been received for loading on board. It is given to the shipper before loading. It is replaced with the bill of lading after the cargo is loaded on board. It is a type of assurance document.

- Delivery Order: Issued to identify the consignees for partial cargoes (i.e. cargoes with more than one consignee) carried under a single bill of lading. It is not a negotiable document.

- Manifest (Manifest): It is a document in which all the characteristics of the cargo on board are written according to the ports of destination of the ship. It is prepared by the agent at the loading port according to the contents of the bill of lading.

- Freight Contract (Charter Party=C/P): It is a contract prepared for the transportation of a good between two ports. The cargo is transported according to the principles of this agreement. In the C/P, the charterer is on one side and the shipowner on the other. The freight contract includes all conditions related to transportation.


WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF MARITIME TRANSPORTATION?

Maritime transportation provides advantages in many different aspects. The most important of these advantages is that it is much less costly than other transportation methods. Maritime transportation prices are shaped depending on the transportation method, distance and characteristics of the products. One of the advantages of this transportation is that it enables the transportation of very large quantities of cargo at one time. However, it is also an advantageous transportation for the transportation of valuable cargoes that are likely to be broken and damaged. One of the most important advantages of maritime transportation is that it provides transportation to every point of the world. In maritime transportation, which is the safest method of international transportation, there is no problem of crossing borders between countries. With Tunaset, which has been providing logistics services to companies operating in many sectors such as automotive, textile, technology and e-commerce for many years, you can easily determine the most advantageous method for your business.